Who Invented The Cell Phone?

The idea behind cell phones was conceived in the late 1940's. The idea for a phone that could travel with you was revolutionary but scientists believed it was an achievable idea. The FCC didn't help, however, in the beginning and would not allot enough radio spectrum frequencies to make the project work. When the FCC did finally cooperate AT&T led the way researching how to make cell phones a reality. But who invented the cell phone?

A former Motorola employee, Dr. Martin Cooper, is credited with the invention of the first portable phone. Dr. Cooper made the first cellular phone call in April of 1973. He called his rival Joel Engel the head of research at Bell Labs. Although Bell Laboratories developed the idea of cell phones with technology originally used for communication between police cars, Dr. Cooper who worked for Motorola was the first person to use the technology in a portable phone that worked outside a car.

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The first cell phone invented by Dr. Cooper was called the Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. Although it was technically a cell phone it hardly resembled the cell phones we use today. It weighed almost two pounds and was a foot long. The first cell phone was so expensive, costing almost 00, that at first only businesses and the military had access to them. It took ten years or so before cell phones began to trickle down to the public and after that the industry took off. Thanks to Dr. Cooper's invention, other companies began developing their own cellular phone prototypes and cell phones went from being 50 pound car phones, to two pound mobile phones, to three ounce multitasking tools. Although not originally available to the public, the cell phone became one of the most popular pieces of technology in a very short time. Today there are more cell phone lines than home lines.

Who Invented The Cell Phone?

Today Dr. Martin Cooper is the CEO of ArrayComm a wireless technology and systems company founded in 1992. There were mobile phones available prior to Dr. Cooper's invention but they required heavy equipment and were not truly portable as they could only be used in a car and would only work over a limited range. Cell phones are indispensable today and Dr. Martin Cooper will always be credited as the person who invented the cell phone. Thanks to him we have the modern communication network we enjoy today.

Who Invented The Cell Phone?

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How Does Skype Work?

Skype has become a phenomenon in the cyberworld, and it will soon become a necessity like an email address. But do you know how does Skype work? In this article, you will understand the advantages of Skype and the whole mechanism.

What is Skype and How does Skype work

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Skype is a VoIP service provider, that allows user to communicate with each other just like using traditional dial service. Unlike local phones, it makes use of your internet connection. Thanks to the rapid development of internet technology, the boost of connection speed over cables or even optical fibres makes it possible to transfer analog and digital media without serious interruptions. Once you have registered for a Skype account, you can almost immediately make a call with other registered users. Certainly, you need microphones and audio output equipment. You will need to use the Skype platform to use the service.

How Does Skype Work?

How much does Skype cost

Skype phone communication between registered users is free. But, there is associated fee for using Skype phone service with non-Skype users, but the price is far cheaper than making an international call using 3G or traditional networks. Skype offers pay-per-go and monthly plans, and you can pick a plan that best suits your needs. If you need to make international calls frequently, you will save more with a regular plans. You can also install Skype in your mobile phone if it supports. This way, you don't need to be restricted to make a call with computers. There are also Skype phone dedicated for Skype communication.

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How Does Skype Work?

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How to Manually Set Up a Wireless Network Connection for Your iPhone or iPad

More often, the easiest way to get your iPhone or iPad securely connected to the wireless network is to set it up manually. In this article, I will walk you through the basics of connecting your iDevice to a wireless network; let's dig into the settings that you can use manually.

Heads up, I wrote this tutorial for those who just acquired their iPhones/iPads. I found out that there are more to iPhone than jailbreaking it. In fact, only a small percentage of iDevice owners want to have their gadgets jailbroken.

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Manually Establishing a Wireless Network Connection

How to Manually Set Up a Wireless Network Connection for Your iPhone or iPad

To establish a wireless network connection manually on your iPhone or iPad, follow these steps:

Step 1:Launch 'Settings' app to begin.

Step 2:You can't miss 'Wi-Fi' for sure, tap on it to display Wi-Fi Networks screen.

You just have to make sure that the toggle switch is in 'ON' position; well, if it's 'OFF' just tap on the left part to turn it on.

Joining an OPEN Wireless Network

Whenever a network is open (i.e. broadcasting its SSID) and within range, the name of the network will appear in the 'Choose A Network' menu list in your iPhone's 'Wi-Fi Networks' screen.

Step 3:Enter the Password that you know of whenever the network uses a password for security purposes. After keying in the password, just tap on 'Join' button and you're good to go.

By doing the step above, your iPhone/iPad will try to join the wireless network within range. Whenever it succeeds in joining a network, it'll display the Wi-Fi Networks screen bearing a check mark next to the network to which the device is connected.

Joining a CLOSED Wireless Network

If the wireless connection is CLOSED (i.e. it's configure not to broadcast its SSID), the network will never appear in 'Choose A Network' list in Wi-Fi Networks window. Thus, you have to tell your iPhone or iPad to look for a specific network, therefore, you've got to tap on 'Other Network' option.

Step 4:Whenever you are in this situation, you just have to key in the network's name in the Name box and tap on the 'Security' button to reach the Security screen.

If there are several networks to choose from, you just have to tap on the network your iPhone or iPad wants to connect to; this will put a check mark next to it.

Step 5:Tap on 'Other Network' button to return to the Other Network screen which now shows the fields required for the security type you chose.

You simply have to type on the required information like your username and password, then tap on 'Join' button to join the network you selected.

Important Note: the 'Ask To Join Networks' toggle switch that you can find near the bottom of the Wi-Fi Networks window controls your iPad or iPhone whether or not to offer to connect to other wireless networks available within range. The 'Join Networks' feature is useful if you wan the iPad or iPhone to alert the user to a wireless network you may need to join.

That's it, as far as connecting to a wireless network is concerned that's how you do it. I hope this tutorial is helpful enough. Don't hesitate to leave some comments or suggestions.

Technology evolves everyday and if you do not want to be left behind, you have to be updated of what's the latest gadgets or technological innovations are out there. More often, you can get these updates from Technology News which you can get from any News Community online.

How to Manually Set Up a Wireless Network Connection for Your iPhone or iPad

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Mileage Deduction - IRS Rules For Record Keeping

With today's recession economy and the tax situation uncertain in the future, many people are looking for as many tax deductible business expenses as possible. One of the biggest deductions, at least for small and home-based business owners, is going to be the mileage deduction. But there is something you have to know before you take this deduction. For the mileage deduction IRS rules for record-keeping and documentation are hugely important.

You can, of course, look up the mileage deduction IRS rules on the internet. However, to make things easier, if you are looking to take that mileage deduction in the coming year here is a guideline for what you need to document. For at least 90 consecutive days, every time you get into your vehicle and drive somewhere, you will need to record the following:

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- date

Mileage Deduction - IRS Rules For Record Keeping

- business for which the miles were driven (if you have multiple businesses)

- destination

- primary purpose of the trip

- beginning odometer reading

- ending odometer reading

- business miles driven

- personal miles driven

You will want to record 90 days of mileage that reflect your typical driving habits because this is what the IRS will use to determine what percentage of your driving is primarily for business or personal use for that year. In 2008, for each business mile you drive you can deduct 50.5 cents. Now here are some really cool footnotes about the mileage deduction IRS rules.

1. According to IRS Section 274(d), you don't have to be totally precise about the primary purpose of the trip. If you're destination is "Rudy's Restaurant" and you are there to meet a potential client, you can just enter "business presentation" for your primary purpose. Now documentation for your mileage deduction isn't so complicated.

2. Mileage deduction IRS rules are not picky about you doing some errands and shopping as long as the primary purpose of the trip is business. For instance, suppose Rudy's Restaurant is in the same strip mall as a grocery store. There is nothing to stop you from doing some quick grocery shopping after your business presentation at Rudy's. Do not record your shopping activities in your mileage log.

3. You can also deduct some personal miles as long as they are for charity, going to or from medical appointments, or moving to a new job location at least 50 miles away. The rates vary for. For 2008 you can deduct 19 cents per mile for medical or moving purposes and 14 cents per mile for charitable purposes. You see? Even the IRS will give you some slack when it comes to your mileage deduction.

Mileage deduction IRS rules are not difficult to follow. You just have to be consistent for 90 days to make sure you are covered in case you ever get audited. According to home-business tax advisor Ronald Mueller, chances are that if you keep great documentation the IRS will not hassle you if you get pulled for a random audit. IRS auditors are looking for people who are trying to avoid paying extra taxes, not people who make use of legal tax deductible business expenses and keep meticulous records. Just throw a notepad in your vehicle, be a perfectionist for 90 days, and you'll have your mileage deduction all worked out for the year!

Mileage Deduction - IRS Rules For Record Keeping

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The Wonders of Computers and the Global Network of Networks That is the Internet

Computers are one of the supreme and best inventions ever made in the history of modern technology. It has brought numerous and countless advances to many different fields of studies as well as in the lives of many people. Today, computers have changed how people work and have opened new methods and means of acquiring new knowledge and skills. Do you know that computers have even transformed how you communicate with each other through the advancements in technology?

One of these advancements is the Internet. Now, who among you does not know anything about the Internet? Perhaps using computers will never be complete without using the Internet. This global network of networks have swept the lives of many people including you as daily tasks become handier, communications more convenient, and most of all, sources of information broader and more accessible.

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Let us try to uncover the benefits of computers and the Internet in an individual's daily life in general:

The Wonders of Computers and the Global Network of Networks That is the Internet

1. Through the computer and the Internet, you'll be able to discover new ways in getting hold of informative and useful information in almost any fields of studies, something that is imaginable and beyond what you can think of. Information that is definitely ready at your fingertips.

2. It has changed how you do business. Gone are the days of labor-intensive and manual way of inputting data through ink and paper. Now, with a few taps of keys and a few clicks of the mouse, good and productive business is on its way.

3. It opens new doors of opportunities and ventures. Apart from the way you do business, the computer and the Internet has also become your partner in doing business effectively, how your products are sold to vast numbers of consumers, and how services are provided superbly.

The Wonders of Computers and the Global Network of Networks That is the Internet

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Network Administrator - Duties and Functions

Many organisations use a three tier support staff solution, with tier one (help desk) personnel handling the initial calls, tier 2 (technicians and PC support analysts) and tier three (network administrators). Most of those organisations follow a fixed staffing ratio, and being a network administrator is either the top job, or next to top job, within the technical support department.

Network administrators are responsible for making sure computer hardware and the network infrastructure itself is maintained properly for an IT organisation. They are deeply involved in the procurement of new hardware (does it meet existing standardisation requirements? Does it do the job required?) rolling out new software installs, maintaining the disk images for new computer installs (usually by having a standardised OS and application install), making sure that licenses are paid for and up to date for software that need it, maintaining the standards for server installations and applications, and monitoring the performance of the network, checking for security breaches, poor data management practices and more.

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Most network administrator positions require a breadth of technical knowledge and the ability to learn the ins and outs of new networking and server software packages quickly. While designing and architecting a network is usually the job of a network engineer, many organisations roll that function into a network administrator position as well; day to day and month to month "Is it up?" jobs fall on the shoulders of the network administrators.

Network Administrator - Duties and Functions

One of the chief jobs of a network administrator is connectivity; the cry "The networks down" usually means the network admin has to be hip deep in something fixing it and post haste. They are in charge of making sure connectivity works for all users in their organisation, and making sure data security is handled properly for connections to the outside internet. (For network administrators doing security aspects, this can be a full time job in and of itself.)

Trouble tickets work their way through the help desk, then through analyst level support, before hitting the network administrator level; as a result, in their day-to-day operations, they should not be dealing directly with end users as a routine function. Most of their jobs should be on scheduling and implementing routine maintenance tasks, updating disaster prevention programs, making sure that network backups are run and doing test restores to make sure that those restores are sound.

Other jobs that fall on the network administrator's tasks include fighting for the IT budget and setting standardised installs packages up so that all end user desktops are identical. While the network administrator probably isn't doing the installs on new computers, he is likely to be the one in charge of setting up what gets installed, and setting user access policies, as well as evaluating the purchase of new equipment to replace older gear that has been deployed. Similar decisions are made regarding software packages (both for end user support and server levels) and networking hardware.

Network administrators are jokingly referred to as the highest level of techie you get before you get turned into a pointy haired boss and made into management.

Network Administrator - Duties and Functions

Derek Rogers is a freelance writer who writes for a number of UK businesses. For information on Network Support, he recommends Network 24, a leading UK network support services provider.

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How to Implement a Wide Area Network

A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a computer set of connections that helps link multiple distance districts that may extend across the globe. WANs generally help connecting numerous smaller networks, for example local area networks (LANs) or metro area networks (MANs). The most prevalent WAN all over the world is the Internet. Several fragments of the Internet can also function with due similarity to WANs. The chief variation amid WAN and LAN expertise is scalability. WAN is expected to be stretched because the requirement to cover multiple cities, even countries and continents, is a must.

A group of switches and routers are interrelated to structure a Wide Area Network. The switches can be attached in diverse localities like complete network and partial networks as well. A wide area network can be confidentially possessed or hired from a service provider, but the fact cannot be ignored that it covers multiple servers.

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Packet switching and circuit switching equipments are employed in the WAN. Packet switching permits consumer to distribute widespread carrier supplies so that the haulier can construct additional proficient utilization of its communications. In a packet switching unit, networks have associations into the network of the carrier, and numerous clients split the set of connections of the carrier. The carrier can then generate effective circuits among sites of the customers, by which packets of data are distributed from one to the other, all the way through the network.

How to Implement a Wide Area Network

Circuit Switching allow the data connections to be ascertained when required and then concluded when transmission is widespread. These acts like a normal telephone line work for voice correspondence. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a fine illustration of circuit switching. When a router has information for a remote site, the switched circuit is commenced with the circuit amount of the remote arrangement of the entire network.

Abundant WANs have been assembled, together with communal packet networks, great corporate networks, armed networks, depository networks, stock brokerage networks and airline reservation networks.

Some WANs are immensely widespread across the globe, but the majority do not supply accurate worldwide exposure in terms of coverage and connection.

The features of the communication amenities direct to an importance and prominence on competence of communications techniques in the devised plans of WANs. Overbearing the quantity of traffic and evading extreme hold-ups are important. A lot of WANs also put into practice complicated administrating measures to report as to which consumer incinerates the network resources. This is utilized to produce billing information to price the use and expenditure of individual consumers.

Conduction rate recurrently extended from 1200 bps to 6 Mbps; even though a few connections like ATM and Leased lines can be utilized at speeds advanced as compared 156 Mbps. Standard communication contacts engaged in WANs are telephone lines, microwave links and satellite network. Network protocols collectively with TCP/IP put across or transmit transfer and dispatch presentation. Protocols comprising of Packet over SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame relay are commonly employed by provision suppliers to deliver the connections that are utilized in WANs.

How to Implement a Wide Area Network

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